Method: Thymidine analog mutations (TAMs) included M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215F/Y, K219E/Q) that were further designated as TAM 1 (M41-L210-T215Y) or TAM 2 (D67-K70-T215F-K219).
Result: D67N and K219E were the TAMs seen with K65R in the three patients who had both.
Result: The two patients on TDF based regimens with a TAM mutation (K219E) also had the K65R mutation.
Antiviral resistance and correlates of virologic failure in the first cohort of HIV-infected children gaining access to structured antiretroviral therapy in Lima, Peru: a cross-sectional analysis.
Result: The M184V reverse transcriptase mutation was detected in 80% of the sequenced RNA samples and tested positive in 74% and 47% by RNA-OLA and DNA-OLA, whereas thymidine associated mutations (TAMs: M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215F/Y, K219Q/E) were detected in 50% of sequenced viral RNA.
Human APOBEC3G-mediated hypermutation is associated with antiretroviral therapy failure in HIV-1 subtype C-infected individuals.
PMID: 23443042
2013
Journal of the International AIDS Society
Table: K219E
Transmission patterns of HIV-subtypes A/AE versus B: inferring risk-behavior trends and treatment-efficacy limitations from viral genotypic data obtained prior to and during antiretroviral therapy.
Result: The latter differed significantly in the frequencies of the major resistance RT mutations T215FY and K219QE (NRTI) and of several secondary/accessory mutations, including: the protease mutations I13V, M36I, I62V, L63P, A71V, V77I, L89M and I93L (Table 6) and the RT mutations A98S, K101N, K103R and V179I (Table 5).
Table: PMID: 23585827
2013
PloS one
Abstract: Major mutations in reverse transcriptase included K65R(n = 1), L74I(n = 1), K103N(n = 19), V106M(n = 4), Y181C(n = 2), M184V(n = 4), and K219E/R(n = 2).
Figure: Histogram showing number of women with drug resistant HIV infection that had each of the following protease inhibitor (PI), nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) or non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) mutations M46
Evaluation of WHO immunologic criteria for treatment failure: implications for detection of virologic failure, evolution of drug resistance and choice of second-line therapy in India.
PMID: 23735817
2013
Journal of the International AIDS Society
Method: Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) mutations included in this analysis were as follows: M184V, M184I and M184V/I for lamivudine (3TC) and emtricitabine (FTC) resistance; K65R and K70E, associated with tenofovir (TDF) resistance; thymidine analogue mutations (TAMs) M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215Y, T215F, K219Q, and K219 E, associated with resistance to multiple NRTIs; and multinucleoside mutations, including the
Hypersusceptibility mechanism of Tenofovir-resistant HIV to EFdA.
Introduction: The excision reaction is facilitated by Excision Enhancement Mutations (EEMs), typically M41L, D67N, K70R, T215Y/F, L210W, and K219E/Q, which are also known as Thymidine Associated Mutations (TAMs) because they were historically linked to resistance to thymidine analogs AZT and d4T.
Trends in Genotypic HIV-1 Antiretroviral Resistance between 2006 and 2012 in South African Patients Receiving First- and Second-Line Antiretroviral Treatment Regimens.
Method: Different RT mutations at the same residue were pooled, including the NRTI-resistance mutations D67NG, K70EGQ, L74VI, M184VI, T215YF, K219QE and the NNRTI-resistance mutations K101EH, K103NS, Y188LCH, and G190ASEQ.
Method: Thymidine analogue mutations (TAMs) were defined as M41L, D67NG, K70R, L210W,
Persistence of HIV-1 transmitted drug resistance mutations.
PMID: 23904291
2013
The Journal of infectious diseases
Table: K219E
HIV-1 drug-resistance surveillance among treatment-experienced and -naive patients after the implementation of antiretroviral therapy in Ghana.
HIV mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2013
AIDS (London, England)
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