Epidemiological Surveillance of HIV-1 Transmitted Drug Resistance in Spain in 2004-2012: Relevance of Transmission Clusters in the Propagation of Resistance Mutations.
Result: Considering the 79 sequences with TDR to NRTIs, thymidine analogue mutations (TAMs) were the most frequently detected, of which the most common were T215 revertants, present in 48 (60.7%) individuals, M41L in 20 (25.3%), K219Q/R/N/E in 19 (24%), L210W in 14 (17.7%), and D67N in 13.9%.
Discussion: The most frequent TDR mutations to NRTIs were revertant mutations at 215 position (215rev) (60.7%), followed by M41L (25.3%) and K219Q/R/N/E (24%).
Effectiveness of a Treatment Switch to Nevirapine plus Tenofovir and Emtricitabine (or Lamivudine) in Adults with HIV-1 Suppressed Viremia.
Geographic and temporal trends in the molecular epidemiology and genetic mechanisms of transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance: an individual-patient- and sequence-level meta-analysis.
Method: Thymidine-analog mutations (TAMs) were defined as the NRTI SDRMs M41L, D67N/G/E, K70R, L210W, T215Y/F/S/C/D/E/I/V, and K219Q/E/N/R.
Result: Of the 34 NRTI SDRMs, 16 occurred in >=0.1% of the 50,870 viruses from all regions: most commonly M184V, the TAMs (M41L, D67G/N, K70R, L210W, T215F/Y, K219E/Q), the T215 revertants (T215C/D/
Transmitted Drug Resistance Mutations in Antiretroviral-Naive Injection Drug Users with Chronic HIV-1 Infection in Iran.
Discussion: In contrast to these earlier reports that identified a limited number of NRTI mutations (T215D, K219Q and D67G, V75A) with a low overall frequency (4.2% and 5.1%, respectively) in newly infected Iranian cases, we detected a variety of NRTI SDRMs (M41L, D67N, K70R, V75M, F116Y, M184V, L210W, T215Y, and K219E) with a higher overall frequency (10%) in chronically infected IDUs in the city of Sanandaj (Table 2).
Virological failure and HIV-1 drug resistance mutations among naive and antiretroviral pre-treated patients entering the ESTHER program of Calmette Hospital in Cambodia.
Introduction: Several mutations (the thymidine analog mutations, TAM) are required for high-level AZT resistance by excision, and include M41L, D67N, K70R, T215F or Y and K219E or Q.
Transmitted antiretroviral drug resistance mutations in newly diagnosed HIV-1 positive patients in Turkey.
PMID: 25397495
2014
Journal of the International AIDS Society
Abstract: However, thymidine analogue resistance mutations (TAMs) determined two distinct genotypic profiles in the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase: TAM1: M41L, L210W and T215Y, and TAM2: D67N, K70R, K219E/Q, and T215F.
Use of dolutegravir in two INI-experienced patients with multiclass resistance resulted in excellent virological and immunological responses.
PMID: 25397500
2014
Journal of the International AIDS Society
Table: K219E
HIV multi-drug resistance at first-line antiretroviral failure and subsequent virological response in Asia.
PMID: 25141905
2014
Journal of the International AIDS Society
Introduction: There are two TAM pathways: type I (M41L, L210W and T215Y) and type II (D67N, K70R, T215F and K219Q/E); the former conferring higher levels of resistance and cross-resistance.
Result: A total of 35 patients had at least 1 TAM, with the following distribution: M41L (16%), D67N (15%), K70R (9%), L210W (11%), T215Y (16%), T215F (11%), K219Q (5%) and K219E (2%).
HIV mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2015
PloS one
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