Abstract: Several large-scale HIV-1 genotypic analyses have revealed that the most prevalent nucleos(t)ide analog RT inhibitor (NRTI)-resistance mutation is M184V/I followed by a series of thymidine analog-associated mutations: M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215Y/F and K219Q/E.
Thymidine analogue excision and discrimination modulated by mutational complexes including single amino acid deletions of Asp-67 or Thr-69 in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.
PMID: 21504903
2011
The Journal of biological chemistry
Abstract: K219E reduced both ATP- and pyrophosphate-mediated excision of primers terminated with thymidine analogues, only when introduced in RTs bearing Delta69 or S68G/Delta69/K70G, providing further biochemical evidence that explains the lack of association of Delta69 and TAMs in HIV-1 isolates.
Abstract: However, pre-steady-state kinetics revealed only minor differences in selectivity of AZT-triphosphate versus dTTP between deletion-containing RTs and their homologous enzymes having the K219E mutation.
Drug resistance mutations in patients infected with HIV-2 living in Spain.
PMID: 21558334
2011
The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy
Abstract: No major mutations associated with drug resistance in HIV-1 were recognized in 29 PR, 20 RT and 5 INT sequences from antiretroviral-naive HIV-2 individuals, although natural polymorphisms with potential effects on susceptibility to PR inhibitors were recognized at 10 positions (L10V/I, V32I, M36I, M46I, I47V, Q58E, A71V/I, G73A, V82I and L89I/V) and for nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors at three positions (T69N, V75I
HIV-1 drug resistance at antiretroviral treatment initiation in children previously exposed to single-dose nevirapine.
Result: Nineteen samples had major NRTI mutations, specifically K219E/Q (n=8), L74V (n=7), K70E (n=3), D67N (n=2) and L210W (n=1).
High prevalence of HIV-1 drug resistance among patients on first-line antiretroviral treatment in Lome, Togo.
PMID: 21663632
2011
Journal of the International AIDS Society
Result: Two patients had virus mutations indicative of the TAM-1 profile (M41L, L210W, T215S), and two of the TAM-2 profile (D67N, K70R, T215F, K219Q/R/E).
Table: K219E
Transmission of HIV drug resistance and non-B subtype distribution in the Spanish cohort of antiretroviral treatment naive HIV-infected individuals (CoRIS).
Abstract: The most prevalent resistance mutations were: T215 revertants (3.8%), D67NG (1.3%), K219QENR (1.2%) and M41L (1%), for NRTIs; K103N (3.2%), for NNRTIs; I54VLMSAT, M46I and L90M (0.7%), for PIs.
Moderate prevalence of transmitted drug resistance and high HIV-1 genetic diversity in patients from Mato Grosso State, Central Western Brazil.
Abstract: Drug resistance mutations were observed in 5.4%: nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor mutations M41L (n = 1), D67N (n = 1), and K219E (n = 1), the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor mutation K103N (n = 1) and the protease inhibitor mutation L90M (n = 1).
Genotypic resistance at viral rebound among patients who received lopinavir/ritonavir-based or efavirenz-based first antiretroviral therapy in South Africa.
PMID: 21694608
2011
Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)
Result: One participant who received EFV+d4T+3TC had four RT mutations (A62V, K65R, M184V, and K219E) in addition to two NNRTI-associated mutations.
Transmitted drug resistance in the CFAR network of integrated clinical systems cohort: prevalence and effects on pre-therapy CD4 and viral load.
Discussion: In contrast, the clinical consequences of D67N/G and K219Q/E are not as well known.
Discussion: Our results give the first evidence that the transmission of D67N/G may have deleterious virological and immunological consequences in therapy-naive patients that may be compensated by K219Q/E.
Discussion: Similarly, we have observed several compensatory interactions among mutations that would otherwise mask the actual effects of individual mutations on CD4 or pVL (e.g., D67N/G and K219Q/E).
Discussion: The effects of D67N/G and K219Q/E on CD4 in our study were mirrored by significant effects on pVL; i.e., substitutions at D67 were causally associate
Drug resistance patterns and virus re-suppression among HIV-1 subtype C infected patients receiving non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in South Africa.
PMID: 21927716
2011
Journal of AIDS & clinical research
Discussion: Among eight patients with TAMs, the most common pathway (seen in 6/8 patients) was TAM-2 related (D67N, K70R, K219Q/R/E); and the rest (2/8) were mixed with the TAM-1 pathway (M41L, L210W, T215Y) extending similar prior Southern African observations.
HIV mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2011
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