literature

HIV mutation literature information.

HIV multi-drug resistance at first-line antiretroviral failure and subsequent virological response in Asia.

PMID: 25141905 2014 Journal of the International AIDS Society

Introduction: There are two TAM pathways: type I (M41L, L210W and T215Y) and type II (D67N, K70R, T215F and K219Q/E); the former conferring higher levels of resistance and cross-resistance.

Result: A total of 35 patients had at least 1 TAM, with the following distribution: M41L (16%), D67N (15%), K70R (9%), L210W (11%), T215Y (16%), T215F (11%), K219Q (5%) and K219E (2%).

Virological failure and HIV-1 drug resistance mutations among naive and antiretroviral pre-treated patients entering the ESTHER program of Calmette Hospital in Cambodia.

PMID: 25166019 2014 PloS one

Result: The TAM2 pathway (D67N, K70R, T215F, and K219Q/E) was present in 5/22, 4/22, 8/22, 2/22 patients.

The lysine 65 residue in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase function and in nucleoside analog drug resistance.

PMID: 25341667 2014 Viruses

Introduction: Several mutations (the thymidine analog mutations, TAM) are required for high-level AZT resistance by excision, and include M41L, D67N, K70R, T215F or Y and K219E or Q.

Transmitted antiretroviral drug resistance mutations in newly diagnosed HIV-1 positive patients in Turkey.

PMID: 25397495 2014 Journal of the International AIDS Society

Abstract: However, thymidine analogue resistance mutations (TAMs) determined two distinct genotypic profiles in the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase: TAM1: M41L, L210W and T215Y, and TAM2: D67N, K70R, K219E/Q, and T215F.

Use of dolutegravir in two INI-experienced patients with multiclass resistance resulted in excellent virological and immunological responses.

PMID: 25397500 2014 Journal of the International AIDS Society

Table: K219E

Persistence of frequently transmitted drug-resistant HIV-1 variants can be explained by high viral replication capacity.

PMID: 25575025 2014 Retrovirology

Table: K219E

HIV-1 Antiretroviral Drug Resistance in Pregnant Women in Jamaica: A Preliminary Report.

PMID: 25803373 2014 The West Indian medical journal

Abstract: Three minor protease resistant-conferring mutations (A71AT, A71V, A71T) and five mutations conferring high to low-level resistance (K219EK, T69S, K103S, G190A and K103N) were detected in the RT region.

Connection subdomain mutations in HIV-1 subtype-C treatment-experienced patients enhance NRTI and NNRTI drug resistance.

PMID: 23068886 2013 Virology

Result: Standard TAMs (M41L, D67N, L210W, F214L, T215F/Y, K219N/E), were observed in POL, with P1 lacking NRTI TAMs.

Tenofovir-based regimens associated with less drug resistance in HIV-1-infected Nigerians failing first-line antiretroviral therapy.

PMID: 23079810 2013 AIDS (London, England)

Method: Thymidine analog mutations (TAMs) included M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215F/Y, K219E/Q) that were further designated as TAM 1 (M41-L210-T215Y) or TAM 2 (D67-K70-T215F-K219).

Result: D67N and K219E were the TAMs seen with K65R in the three patients who had both.

Result: The two patients on TDF based regimens with a TAM mutation (K219E) also had the K65R mutation.

Antiviral resistance and correlates of virologic failure in the first cohort of HIV-infected children gaining access to structured antiretroviral therapy in Lima, Peru: a cross-sectional analysis.

PMID: 23280237 2013 BMC infectious diseases

Result: The M184V reverse transcriptase mutation was detected in 80% of the sequenced RNA samples and tested positive in 74% and 47% by RNA-OLA and DNA-OLA, whereas thymidine associated mutations (TAMs: M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215F/Y, K219Q/E) were detected in 50% of sequenced viral RNA.

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