Introduction: There are four types of NNRTIs-resistant mutations: (1) Primary mutation: these mutations emerge earliest during therapy and cause high-level resistance to one or more NNRTIs, including K103N/S, Y181C/I/V, V106A/M, Y188L/C/H, and G190A/S/E.
Transmitted drug resistance and phylogenetic relationships among acute and early HIV-1-infected individuals in New York City.
PMID: 22592583
2012
Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)
4Method: ARV resistance was defined by mutations at the following positions: M41L, A62V, K65R, D67N, T69ins, K70R, L74VI, Y115F, F116Y, Q151M, M184VI, T210W, T215YF and Abstract: M41L (3.7%), T215Y (4.0%), and K103N/S (4.7%) were the most common mutations.
Abstract: K103N/S prevalence increased from 1.9% to 8.0% between 1995 and 2010 (P(trend) = 0.04).
Identification of drug resistant mutations in HIV-1 CRF07_BC variants selected by nevirapine in vitro.
Discussion: Thus far, about 32 NVP-resistance associated mutations in 17 positions, including 15 major NVP-resistant mutations at 5 positions (K103NST, V106AM, Y181CIV, Y188LHC, G190ASEQ), have been summarized in HIV drug resistance database of Stanford University.
Comparison of predicted susceptibility between genotype and virtual phenotype HIV drug resistance interpretation systems among treatment-naive HIV-infected patients in Asia: TASER-M cohort analysis.
Result: Among the 1226 patients with no discrepancy, the efavirenz-associated mutations were A98G (0.3%), K103N (0.8%), K103S (0.2%), V106M (0.2%), V179D (0.6%), Y181C (0.6%), G190A (0.3%), G190E (0.1%), P225H (0.2%), F227C (0.1%) and K238T (0.1%).
Virological failure rates and HIV-1 drug resistance patterns in patients on first-line antiretroviral treatment in semirural and rural Gabon.
PMID: 23199801
2012
Journal of the International AIDS Society
Abstract: The most frequent DRMs were K103N/S (46.1%) and M184V/I (37.6%).
Result: Among the 77 (54.6%) patients harbouring viruses resistant to at least one molecule of the NNRTIs class, the most commonly detected DRM was the K103N/S (n=65, 46.1%).
Monitoring HIV viral load in resource limited settings: still a matter of debate?
Result: The most frequent NNRTI mutations were K103N/S (27.8%), followed by Y181C (22.2%), V108I and G190A (16.7%), Y181V (11.1%), K101E and Y188L (5.6%) (Figure 2).
Table: K103N/S
Table: K103S
Genetic diversity and drug resistance among newly diagnosed and antiretroviral treatment-naive HIV-infected individuals in western Yunnan: a hot area of viral recombination in China.
Abstract: A total of 1.3% of DR were related to protease inhibitors (PIs), including I85IV, M46I and L90M; 0.3% to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), including
Result: Three individuals were found to have one other NNRTI-related mutation (K103NS, K101E and G190A) each (0.33%).
Discussion: These DR mutations (M184I, K103N/S, Y181C and K101E) could derive from ART-treated patients in Yunnan.
Transmitted drug resistance in the CFAR network of integrated clinical systems cohort: prevalence and effects on pre-therapy CD4 and viral load.
Abstract: We found that causal effect estimates of mutations M184V/I (-1.7 log10pVL) and D67N/G (-2.1[3 CD4] and 0.4 log10pVL) were compensated by K103N/S and K219Q/E/N/R.
Drug resistance profiles among HIV-1-infected children experiencing delayed switch and 12-month efficacy after using second-line antiretroviral therapy: an observational cohort study in rural China.
PMID: 21725248
2011
Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)
Abstract: In the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor class, the most common mutations were K103N/S at 50% and Y181C/I at 48.7%.
Docking analysis and resistance evaluation of clinically relevant mutations associated with the HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors nevirapine, efavirenz and etravirine.
Abstract: This is in line with recent clinical data reporting that diarylpyrimidine etravirine, a very potent third generation drug effective against a wide range of drug-resistant HIV-1 variants, shows increased affinity towards K103N/S mutants due to its high conformational flexibility.
HIV mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2012
AIDS research and treatment
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