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 HIV mutation literature information.


  Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp 41 mutations in proviral DNA among antiretroviral treatment-naive individuals from India.
 PMID: 19400735       2009       AIDS research and human retroviruses
Abstract: In subtype B-infected individuals, the various HR1 region substitutions in env gp41 that have been associated with ENF resistance include A30V, L33S/T/V, L34M, G36D/E/S/V, I37T/K/V, V38A/M/E/G, Q39R, Q40H, N42T/D, N43D/K/S, L44M, L45M, R46M, L54M, and Q56K/R as well as N126K and


  Altered bystander apoptosis induction and pathogenesis of enfuvirtide-resistant HIV type 1 Env mutants.
 PMID: 19619009       2009       AIDS research and human retroviruses
Introduction: As seen in figure 4, V38E and V38A along with G36D replicated faster and to higher levels than WT.
Introduction: Furthermore, the Enfuvirtide resistant virus G36D (G547D based on Env numbering) was shown to be reduced in its bystander apoptosis inducing potential.
Introduction: However, in another study by Descamps et al G36D was associated with increased CD4 counts although not statistically significant.


  Analysis of HIV type 1 gp41 and enfuvirtide susceptibility among men in the United States who were HIV infected prior to availability of HIV entry inhibitors.
 PMID: 19552592       2009       AIDS research and human retroviruses
Introduction: The mutations analyzed included (1) mutations in HR1 that are associated with a >10-fold reduction in most clinical isolates and site-directed mutants (major mutations: G36D/E, V38A/E, Q40H, and N43D), (2) other ENF resistance mutations in HR1 (G36S/V, I37V, V38G/M, N42T, N43K, L44M, and L45M), (3) N42S, a natural polymorphism in HR1 that has been associated with ENF hypersusceptibility, and (4) HR2 accessory mutations (N126K, E137K, and S138A).
Table:


  Enfuvirtide (T-20) resistance-related mutations in HIV type 1 subtypes B, C, and F isolates from Brazilian patients failing HAART.
 PMID: 19239358       2009       AIDS research and human retroviruses
Abstract: Amino acid changes in codons G36D/S, I37V, V38A/M/E, Q39H/R, Q40H, N42T, and N43D can confer resistance to EFV.
Abstract: In contrast, when 1079 sequences from drug-naive patients were analyzed, only one showed the G36D substitution.
Abstract: This finding indicates a strong association between the selected position G36D and HAART therapy (p < 0.0001).


  Albumin-conjugated C34 peptide HIV-1 fusion inhibitor: equipotent to C34 and T-20 in vitro with sustained activity in SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice.
 PMID: 18809675       2008       The Journal of biological chemistry
1Abstract: In HIV-1-infected SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice, T-20 lost activity with infrequent dosing, whereas the antiviral potency of PC-1505 was sustained, and PC-1505 was active against T-20-resistant (""DIV"") virus with a G36D substitution in gp41."
Method: pNL4-3 from the AIDS Reagent Program contains an unexpected variant DIV (G36D) mutation in gp41, which confers 8-fold resistance to T-20 in vitro.


  Viral dynamics and in vivo fitness of HIV-1 in the presence and absence of enfuvirtide.
 PMID: 18645515       2008       Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)
Introduction: The most commonly identified enfuvirtide resistance mutations include G36D or S, V38A, M or E, Q40H and N43D.


  Evolution of genotypic and phenotypic resistance during chronic treatment with the fusion inhibitor T-1249.
 PMID: 18184079       2007       AIDS research and human retroviruses
Abstract: Resistance to T-1249 gradually increased to a geometric mean 92.7-fold decrease from FI-naive baseline; this occurred concomitant with further evolution of gp41 amino acids 36-45, most commonly the G36D (n = 6, 16%) or N43K (n = 9, 24%) substitutions.


  Primary resistance to enfuvirtide (T20) in recently HIV-1 infected, antiretroviral-naive patients from the ANRS Aquitaine Cohort.
 PMID: 17668565       2007       Antiviral therapy
Abstract: The second case had a G36D HR1 mutation, with no evidence of other drug resistance mutations.


  Rapid emergence of enfuvirtide resistance in HIV-1-infected patients: results of a clonal analysis.
 PMID: 16885776       2006       Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)
Abstract: Mutations at codons 36 (G36E, G36D, or G36S) and 38 (V38A, V38G, or V38M) were the most commonly detected resistance mutations at week 2.


  Long-term monitoring of genotypic and phenotypic resistance to T20 in treated patients infected with HIV-1.
 PMID: 16372284       2006       Journal of medical virology
Abstract: G36D mutation was associated with a value of T20-IC50 of 5 microg/ml.
Abstract: In three temporary responders, coinciding with viral load rebound, G36D, and N42T substitutions were observed at 12, 24, and 40 weeks.



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