Abstract: In addition, among patients failing second-line (20), six patients (30%) had NNRTI resistance; two patients on K103N and G190A mutations while V106A, Y184V, A98G, Y181C mutations per patient were also detected.
Result: However four patients had diverse drug mutations combinations of K103N
Discussion: These mutations Y181C and G190A are known to reduce susceptibility to Etravirine which could be used either for second or third-line regimen .
Discussion: Though mutations Y181C and G190A are mostly selected by NVP they were detected among those on EFV.
HIV-1 transmitted drug resistance-associated mutations and mutation co-variation in HIV-1 treatment-naive MSM from 2011 to 2013 in Beijing, China.
Discussion: In another study by our team, we had applied the CorMut algorithm to investigate the association between drug resistance and compensatory mutations, and demonstrated that K101Q, H221Y, and T139K can enhance K103N/Y181C/G190A-associated NNRTI-resistance among CRF07_BC in vitro.
Persistence of frequently transmitted drug-resistant HIV-1 variants can be explained by high viral replication capacity.
HIV-1 Antiretroviral Drug Resistance in Pregnant Women in Jamaica: A Preliminary Report.
PMID: 25803373
2014
The West Indian medical journal
Abstract: Three minor protease resistant-conferring mutations (A71AT, A71V, A71T) and five mutations conferring high to low-level resistance (K219EK, T69S, K103S, G190A and K103N) were detected in the RT region.
The development of drug resistance mutations K103N Y181C and G190A in long term Nevirapine-containing antiviral therapy.
Abstract: CONCLUSION: In some patients, first-line ART had the possibility to provide sufficient treatment effect for over than 72 months, but in long-term treatment, the dominant NNRTI drug resistance mutation K103N could reduced, while the proportion of variants with mutation Y181C or G190A may increased.
Abstract: In the sequences of standard genotype HIV drug resistance assay, the frequency of K103N, Y181C and G190A had the similar pattern with that in SGA sequences.
Abstract: In this assay, we focused on the development of primary drug resistance mutations against Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NNRTI), K103N
High rate of antiretroviral drug resistance mutations in HIV type 1-infected Senegalese children in virological failure on first-line treatment according to the World Health Organization guidelines.
PMID: 22860571
2013
AIDS research and human retroviruses
Abstract: The NRTI-resistant viruses harbored the M184V/I (95%), Q151M (2%), and thymidine-analogue mutations (40%), and the NNRTI-resistant viruses harbored the K103N (34%), Y181C (32%), G190A (23%), and K101E (21%) mutations.
Connection subdomain mutations in HIV-1 subtype-C treatment-experienced patients enhance NRTI and NNRTI drug resistance.
Result: G190A is not normally associated with DLV resistance, so only small increases in resistance were observed with the addition of CNs from P2, P3 and P5 (2-3x); however P1 did exhibit a modest 6x increase above reference background (C-G190A, 1.4x).
Result: Since TAMs are not normally selected for in response to NNRTIs, NNRTI resistance associated with each patient CN was further evaluated by constructing vectors in which the patients CN was paired with a subtype-C POL domain containing mutations that increase NNRTI resistance, specifically either L100I, K103N, Y181C, G190A, or L100I +
Greater suppression of nevirapine resistance with 21- vs 7-day antiretroviral regimens after intrapartum single-dose nevirapine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV.
Abstract: Four hundred twelve (98%) women had primary endpoint results available; of these, 5 (1.2%) had new NVP resistance detected by population genotype: 4 of 215 in the 7-day arms (1.9%; K103N in 4 women with Y181C, Y188C, or G190A in 3 of 4) and 1 of 197 (0.5%; V108I) in the 21-day arms (P = .37).
Prevalence of pre-existing resistance-associated mutations to rilpivirine, emtricitabine and tenofovir in antiretroviral-naive patients infected with B and non-B subtype HIV-1 viruses.
PMID: 23361642
2013
The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy
Abstract: We studied the primary rilpivirine RAMs (K101E/P, E138A/G/K/Q/R, V179L, Y181C/I/V, H221Y, F227C and M230I/L) and other potential rilpivirine-associated mutations (V90I, L100I, K101T, E138S, V179D/I, Y188L, V189I, G190A/E/S and M230V).
HIV-1 drug resistance and associated factors among adults failing first-line highly active antiretroviral therapy in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Abstract: Among 87 participating individuals with VL >=1,000 copies/mL, 11 people still harbored a wild-type strain, while 76 participants harbored a HIV-1 drug-resistant strain (2 of which were against protease inhibitors); common DRMs were M184I/V (74%), Y181I/C/V (39%), G190A/S (32%), T215Y/F (32%), and K103N (31%).
HIV mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2014
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