Discussion: These mutations have been reported to cause low-level resistance when they occur alone and increased resistance when they occur in combination with other mutations like E44A/D (http://hivdb.stanford.edu/).
Discussion: This latter substitution is known to cause low-level resistance to lamivudine and possibly to other NRTIs when present with E44A/D and/or one or more TAMs.
Differences in reversion of resistance mutations to wild-type under structured treatment interruption and related increase in replication capacity.
Method: The final list of mutations included M41L, E44D, D67N, T69D, K70R, L74V, L100I, K103N, V108I, V118I, Y181C, M184V, G190A, L210W, T215F, T215Y and K219Q in RT; and L33F, L33I, M46I, M46L, G48V, <
The K65R mutation in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase: genetic barriers, resistance profile and clinical implications.
Introduction: Two distinct TAM (TAM-1 and -2) pathways lead to the stepwise accumulation of major (M41L, K70R and T215Y/F), minor/secondary (D67N and L210W) and compensatory (E44D, V118I and H208Y) mutations that confer a 5-500-fold reduced susceptibility to AZT and broad cross-resistance between NRTIs (Figure 1).
Transmitted antiretroviral drug resistance among acute and recent HIV infections in North Carolina from 1998 to 2007.
Discussion: A few potentially relevant IAS-DRMs (e.g., the NRTI mutation, E44D) are not included in the more parsimonious SDRM list.
Clinical relevance of substitutions in the connection subdomain and RNase H domain of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase from a cohort of antiretroviral treatment-naive patients.
Discussion: Although this mutation by itself confers no resistance, it has been reported to contribute to hypersusceptibility to NNRTI as well as resistance to NRTI in the presence of E44A/D and/or EEMs.
Antiretroviral drug susceptibility among drug-naive adults with recent HIV infection in Rakai, Uganda.
Result: Seven of the 104 samples (6.7%) had a mutation associated with NRTI resistance (one mutation in each sample: M41L (n = 2), E44D (n = 3), V118V/I (n = 1), K219K/R (n = 1)), and one sample had a mutation associated with NNRTI resistance (E138A).
Low prevalence of drug-resistant HIV-1 in patients newly diagnosed with early stage of HIV infection in Korea.
PMID: 18987460
2008
The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine
Abstract: The resistant mutation of reverse-transcriptase gene was found at E44D, and the major resistant mutation of protease gene was found at M46L.
Molecular epidemiology and prevalence of drug resistance-associated mutations in newly diagnosed HIV-1 patients in Portugal.
PMID: 17360244
2007
Infection, genetics and evolution
Abstract: Mutations listed by the International AIDS Society-USA were considered, except E44D and V118I.
Prevalence and predictors of antiretroviral drug resistance in newly diagnosed HIV-1 infection.
PMID: 17213262
2007
The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy
Abstract: Resistance was scored according to the IAS-USA list (2005) modified to include T215revertants and exclude isolated E44D or V118I and minor protease mutations.
[Epidemiology of primary drug resistance in chronically HIV-infected patients in Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany, 2001-2005].
PMID: 17457780
2007
Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946)
Abstract: After inclusion of mutations E44D and V118I, resistance was identified in 99 patients (11.9%; 95%CI, 9.7-14.1).
HIV mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2012
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