Abstract: Pooled results from the Stanford database (n=52,680) correlated with these findings indicating a low prevalence of 8/9 rilpivirine mutations (<0.1%), except for E138A/G/K/Q/R (2.9%, 95% CI 1.8, 4.4).
Abstract: The prevalence of E138A/G/K/Q/R mutations is higher (0.7%) and varies according to geographical region and HIV subtype.
Abstract: Two mutations were mo
Sub-Epidemics Explain Localized High Prevalence of Reduced Susceptibility to Rilpivirine in Treatment-Naive HIV-1-Infected Patients: Subtype and Geographic Compartmentalization of Baseline Resistance Mutations.
PMID: 26651266
2016
AIDS research and human retroviruses
Method: Major RPV resistance-associated mutations (RPV-RAMs) were defined based on data from the clinical trials, phenotypic RPV resistance analyses, and package inserts: K101E/P, E138A/G/K/Q/R, V179L, Y181C/I/V, Y188L, H221Y, F227C, M230I/L, and the mutational combination of L100I+K103N.
Low Frequency of Drug-Resistant Variants Selected by Long-Acting Rilpivirine in Macaques Infected with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Containing HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase.
PMID: 26438501
2015
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy
Abstract: RT mutations E138G and E138Q were detected in single clones from plasma virus in separate animals only at one time point, and no resistance mutations were detected in viral RNA isolated from tissues.
Abstract: Wild-type and E138Q RT-SHIV displayed similar RPV susceptibilities in vitro, whereas E138G conferred 2-fold resistance to RPV.
Impact of drug resistance-associated amino acid changes in HIV-1 subtype C on susceptibility to newer nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
PMID: 25421485
2015
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy
Abstract: The amino acid substitutions E138Q/R, Y181I/V, and M230L conferred high-level resistance to ETR, while K101P and Y181I/V conferred high-level resistance to RPV.
Archived HIV-1 DNA resistance mutations to rilpivirine and etravirine in successfully treated HIV-1-infected individuals pre-exposed to efavirenz or nevirapine.
PMID: 25344807
2015
The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy
Abstract: Rilpivirine RAMs were detected in 41 (32%) individuals, with highest frequency for the mutations Y181C/I/V (18%), K101E/P (7%) and E138A/G/K/Q/R/S (6%) and the association L100I+K103N/S (5%).
E138A in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase is more common in subtype C than B: implications for rilpivirine use in resource-limited settings.
Abstract: In one of the databases (Stanford University), E138K and E138Q were also more common in RTI-experienced subtype C sequences (1.0% and 1.1%, respectively) than in subtype B sequences (0.3% and 0.6%, respectively).
Introduction: In subtype C RT, the E138G/K/Q/R mutations reduced susceptibility to RPV and ETR (range: 2.7-6.8-fold).
Introduction: Interestingly, the E138K/Q/R mutations in HIV-1 subtype C had noticeable effects on NVP and EFV susceptibility (2.3 to 7.1-fold).
Introduction: The E138G/K/Q/R mutations in HIV-1 subtype B reduced susceptibility to RPV and ETR but, with the exception of E138Q which decreased susceptibility to NVP 3.0
Prevalence in the USA of rilpivirine resistance-associated mutations in clinical samples and effects on phenotypic susceptibility to rilpivirine and etravirine.
Abstract: METHODS: In total, 15,991 samples submitted to Monogram Biosciences (South San Francisco, CA, USA) for routine resistance testing between January 2010 and June 2011 were assessed for the presence of known rilpivirine RAMs K101E/P, E138A/G/K/Q/R, V179L, Abstract: Median FC values >2.0 were observed for clinical isolates with rilpivirine RAMs K101P, E138Q/R, Y181C/I/V, Y188L or M230L, and for the combination of E138K with M184I/V, and K101E with M184I.
Transmitted drug resistance to rilpivirine among antiretroviral-naive patients living with HIV from northern Poland.
PMID: 24746180
2014
Journal of the International AIDS Society
Abstract: RPV-associated mutations were divided into RPV resistance mutations (K101E/P, E138A/G/K/Q/R, V179L, Y181C/I/V, Y188L, H221Y, F227C and M230I/L) according to the International AIDS Society-USA (IAS-USA) mutation list and variants potentially affecting RPV susceptibility (L100I, K101H/T, E138S, V179F/D/G/T, G190A/E/S, F227L and M230V) based on the
Pre-existing singleton E138A mutations in the reverse transcriptase gene do not affect the efficacy of first-line antiretroviral therapy regimens using rilpivirine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients.
Abstract: E138A/K/Q in subtype C decreased RPV susceptibility 2.9-, 5.8-, and 5.4-fold, respectively.
Introduction: Although RPV has been reported to have higher in vitro genetic barrier to resistance, at least 17 single substitutions in HIV-1 RT (L100I, K101E/P, E138A/G/K/Q/R, V179L, Y181C/I/V, Y188L, H221Y, F227C, and M230I/L) have been associated with a decreased virologic response to this NNRTI.
Introduction: In contrast to E138A, the frequencies of other substi
2014 Update of the drug resistance mutations in HIV-1.
Discussion: Fifteen mutations have been associated with decreased rilpivirine susceptibility (K101E/P, E138A/G/K/Q/R, V179L, Y181C/I/V, H221Y, F227C, and M230I/L).
HIV mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2016
Antiviral therapy
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