literature

HIV mutation literature information.

Basis for early and preferential selection of the E138K mutation in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.

PMID: 23856772 2013 Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy

Abstract: E138K, as well as E138G, consistently emerged first during ETR selection experiments, followed by E138A and E138Q; E138R was never selected.

Abstract: We hypothesized that there was a mutational bias for the E138K substitution and designed an allele-specific PCR to monitor the emergence of E138A/G/K/Q/R/V during ETR selection experiments.

HIV-1 drug-resistance surveillance among treatment-experienced and -naive patients after the implementation of antiretroviral therapy in Ghana.

PMID: 23977189 2013 PloS one

Result: However, polymorphisms at NNRTI-resistance mutation loci, V90I, E138A, and V106I, were found in 6 cases (10.2% in Table 4).

Table: E138A

[Resistance profile of rilpivirine].

PMID: 24252532 2013 Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiologia clinica

Abstract: In vitro studies and phase III clinical trials have allowed the identification of 16 mutations associated with resistance to RPV K101E/P, E138A/G/K/Q/R, V179L, Y181C/I/V, Y188L, H221Y, F227C and M230I/L.

Molecular epidemiology of HIV in two highly endemic areas of northeastern South Africa.

PMID: 22189822 2012 Archives of virology

Discussion: One of the viruses harbored the combination V118I/E138A/V179D, while another had V118I/E138A.

Discussion: Other substitutions that were found include V90I, E138A, and V179D, which are weakly associated with decreased NNRTI susceptibility, and V118I, which occurs in ~2% of untreated individuals and with increased frequency in those receiving multiple NRTIs.

Minority variants associated with resistance to HIV-1 nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors during primary infection.

PMID: 22818969 2012 Journal of clinical virology

Abstract: Four samples (15%) had a major rilpivirine resistant mutation (E138G, K101E and E138A), 3 of which were detected by UDPS.

Identification of drug resistant mutations in HIV-1 CRF07_BC variants selected by nevirapine in vitro.

PMID: 22984494 2012 PloS one

Discussion: Y181C, K103N, G190A, H221Y, K101E, A98G, V108I, V106A, E138A, Y188L are the top ten most common mutations resistant to NVP in patients who received NVP treatment.

"Prolonged and substantial discordance in prevalence of raltegravir-resistant HIV-1 in plasma versus PBMC samples revealed by 454 ""deep"" sequencing."

PMID: 23049972 2012 PloS one

Method: Secondary raltegravir-associated DRMs were defined to be E92V, Q95K, T97A, F121Y, E138A/K, G140A/C/S, S147G, V151A/I/L, M154I/L, E157Q, and G163K/R, and linkages examined were T97A

Table: E138A/K

Figure: Raltegravir-associated DRMs (A) E138A, (B) E138K, (C) G140S and (D) Q148H were detected at a higher prevalence in plasma than in PBMC.

Virological failure rates and HIV-1 drug resistance patterns in patients on first-line antiretroviral treatment in semirural and rural Gabon.

PMID: 23199801 2012 Journal of the International AIDS Society

Result: Five additional viruses were predicted to be possibly resistant to ETV, including three viruses harbouring the E138A/G/Q/R DRM, one with the three DRMs K101E/H/I/P/R, Y181C, and G190A/S, and one with the three DRMs V90I, K101E/H/I/P/R, and G190A/S.

Result: Major NNRTIs DRMs were also obtained at positions P225H (n=12), K101E (n=11), Y181C (n=10), G190A (n=7), Y188L (n=6), V90I (n=5),

PMID: 21099693 2011 Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)

Result: Mutations predicted to confer resistance to etravirine (E138A, Y181C, G190A) were present in five of the nine children with samples available in the first six months of failure; two of the seven children with samples in the seven to 12 month range had two etravirine associated mutations.

The evolution of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase in route to acquisition of Q151M multi-drug resistance is complex and involves mutations in multiple domains.

PMID: 21569325 2011 Retrovirology

Result: The Q151M MDR mutations were also genetically linked to NRTI mutations M184IV and L210F, and NNRTI mutations E138A, Y181I and H221Y (Table 1).

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