Genetic diversity and antiretroviral resistance-associated mutation profile of treated and naive HIV-1 infected patients from the Northwest and Southwest regions of Cameroon.
Method: For CAB, the presence of E138A/Q148R, E138K/Q148K, E138K/Q148R, G140C/Q148R, G140S/Q148R, or Q148R/N155H was interpreted as high-level resistance.
Comparison of antiretroviral drug resistance among treatment-naive and treated HIV-infected individuals in Shiraz, Iran.
Abstract: Two other DRMs, including E138A (9.7%) and V179T (4.9%), which confer resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), were also identified.
Impact of the HIV-1 genetic background and HIV-1 population size on the evolution of raltegravir resistance.
Introduction: The resistance patterns observed in HIV-1 patients on a raltegravir containing regimen are very diverse and Q148H/K/R (usually with G140A/C/S and/or E138A/K) and N155H (often together with E92Q or V151I) mutations are observed more frequently than Y143 mutations.
Recent and Rapid Transmission of HIV Among People Who Inject Drugs in Scotland Revealed Through Phylogenetic Analysis.
PMID: 29546333
2018
The Journal of infectious diseases
Abstract: Results: All 104 outbreak sequences originated from Scotland and contained E138A and V179E.
Frequent cross-resistance to rilpivirine among subtype C HIV-1 from first-line antiretroviral therapy failures in South Africa.
Method: Plasma samples contained a median of 3 [Q1-Q3: 2-4] NNRTI-associated drug resistance mutations which included A98G, L100I, K101E/H, K103N/S, V106M, V108I, E138A/K, V179D/E Y181C, Y188L/C, G190A, H221Y, P225H, F227L, and M230L.
Result: No other RPV-associated mutations in this sample set including K101E, E138A/K
Next-generation sequencing provides an added value in determining drug resistance and viral tropism in Cameroonian HIV-1 vertically infected children.
Result: Only E138A (5.9%), an accessory polymorphism weakly selected under etravirine (ETR) and rilpivirine (RPV), was found in a child aged 8 years from the control group.
Discussion: NNRTI mutations (E138A and V179D), found in children without PMTCT-exposure, are known as polymorphisms with little or no effect on drug susceptibility or virological response.
HIV-1C proviral DNA for detection of drug resistance mutations.
Result: G190A, E138A/G) were found concurrently both in viral RNA and proviral DNA, in two patients resistance mutations (M46I and G190E) were detected only in viral RNA, and in five patients archived transmitted drug resistance mutations (M230I, G73S, M184I, M46I, and A62V) in proviral DNA were identified.
Result: However, its presence reduces ETR and RPV susceptibility by about 2-fold and hence the presence of E138A prior to therapy may reduce the antiviral activity of RPV.
Result: Please note that, E138A is a polymorphic change depending on subtype and could occur in 0.5% to 5% of viruses from
Emergence of HIV-1 drug resistance mutations in mothers on treatment with a history of prophylaxis in Ghana.
Result: Three major DRAMs to NNRTIs were seen in 3 patients among the drug-naive participants; these DRAMs were K103 N, V106A and E138A.
Table: E138A
Discussion: E138A mutation in the RT gene was seen in this group and though it does not cause reduction in susceptibility to NVP and EFV, it confers low-level resistance to RPV and ETR, other NNRTIs not used in Ghana, pointing to another case of cross-resistance.
HIV mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2019
PloS one
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