Discussion: The Sanger results of isolates from treated patients were as expected with a predominance of M184V, numerous TAMs of pathway1 (M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215Y/F) and DRMs to NNRTIs (mainly K101E, K103N, V106M, Y181C, G190A).
Prevalence of HIV drug resistance mutation in the northern Indian population after failure of the first line antiretroviral therapy.
Abstract: NRTI and NNRTI DRMs were each seen in 115/128 (89.8%) patients, with M184V, M41L, D67N and T215Y being the most frequent among NRTI associated mutations, and K103N, G190A, Y181C and A98G among NNRTI associated ones.
Assessing subtypes and drug resistance mutations among HIV-1 infected children who failed antiretroviral therapy in Kelantan, Malaysia.
PMID: 22729198
2012
The Brazilian journal of infectious diseases
Abstract: The most prevalent RT mutations were T215F/V/Y (66.7%), D67G/N (55.6%), K219Q/E/R (44.4%), M184V/I (38.9%), K70R/E (27.8%) and M41L (27.8%), associated with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) resistance; and K103N (55.6%), G190A (33.3%), and K101P/E/H (27.8%) associated with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) resistance.
Connection domain mutations during antiretroviral treatment failure in Mali: frequencies and impact on reverse transcriptase inhibitor activity.
PMID: 22828721
2012
Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)
Method: Thymidine analogue mutations (TAMs) were defined as M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215F/Y, K219E/Q.
Clinical, virological and biochemical evidence supporting the association of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase polymorphism R284K and thymidine analogue resistance mutations M41L, L210W and T215Y in patients failing tenofovir/emtricitabine therapy.
Introduction: However, combinations of M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215F/Y and K219E/Q increase ATP-mediated excision of chain-terminating NRTIs (reviewed in ref.).
Introduction: Sequence analysis of HIV-1 isolates from patients receiving long-term therapy with AZT and/or d4T revealed that thymidine analogue resistance mutations (TAMs) acting through the excision mechanism associated in two different clusters: TAM1 (M41L, L210W and T215Y) and TAM2 (D67N, K70R, K219E/Q, and sometimes T215F).
HIV-1 drug resistance genotyping from antiretroviral therapy (ART) naive and first-line treatment failures in Djiboutian patients.
Result: The NRTI-associated mutations were D67N (2 strains), T69N (1), M184V (6), L210W (2), T215Y (2).
Table: D67N
Discussion: Accumulation of the other mutations observed included thymidine associated mutations (including M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215Y/F, K219Q) results in increasing resistance to AZT, Tenofovir, D4T, Abacavir, and DDI .
Differential in vitro kinetics of drug resistance mutation acquisition in HIV-1 RT of subtypes B and C.
Result: Additionally, the mutation D67N was incorporated after 77 days (1 microM), when the VL rebounded to original levels before the drug selection.
Result: Interestingly, subtype C followed a different route: it accumulated D67N after 77 days (1 microM) before rebounding and K70R after 84 days (2 microM) during the rebound process.
Result: Nevertheless, the final resistance profile was the same in all replicates: D67D/N, T215Y, F214L (Table 2).
Result: The first mutation (D67N) was replaced by T215I at day 91 (2 microM), after the virus reached a VL level comparable to that b
Table: D67D/N
Table: D67N
Screening for and verification of novel mutations associated with drug resistance in the HIV type 1 subtype B(') in China.
Result: The 9 mutations M41L, D67N, K70R, K103N, Y181C, M184V, T215Y, L283I and N348I resulted in resistance to NRTIs or NNRTIs, but the impact of 7 mutations at 6 positions (D123E, V292I, K366R, T369A, T369V, A371V and I375V) on antiviral drug response was unknown.
Virological failure rates and HIV-1 drug resistance patterns in patients on first-line antiretroviral treatment in semirural and rural Gabon.
PMID: 23199801
2012
Journal of the International AIDS Society
Result: TAM-2 mutations included K219Q/E/R (n=4), D67N/G (n=4), and K70R (n=3).
Figure: M41L, L210W, and T215Y mutations are indicative of the TAM-1 pathway; D67N/G, K70R, T215F, and K219Q/E/R mutations are indicative of the TAM-2 pathway.
Monitoring HIV viral load in resource limited settings: still a matter of debate?
HIV mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2012
PloS one
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