literature

HIV mutation literature information.

Hypersusceptibility mechanism of Tenofovir-resistant HIV to EFdA.

PMID: 23800377 2013 Retrovirology

Introduction: The excision reaction is facilitated by Excision Enhancement Mutations (EEMs), typically M41L, D67N, K70R, T215Y/F, L210W, and K219E/Q, which are also known as Thymidine Associated Mutations (TAMs) because they were historically linked to resistance to thymidine analogs AZT and d4T.

Trends in Genotypic HIV-1 Antiretroviral Resistance between 2006 and 2012 in South African Patients Receiving First- and Second-Line Antiretroviral Treatment Regimens.

PMID: 23840622 2013 PloS one

Method: Different RT mutations at the same residue were pooled, including the NRTI-resistance mutations D67NG, K70EGQ, L74VI, M184VI, T215YF, K219QE and the NNRTI-resistance mutations K101EH, K103NS, Y188LCH, and G190ASEQ.

Method: The following non-polymorphic ARV-selected mutations were classified as drug resistance mutations (DRM): (i) the NRTI resistance mutations M41L,

PMID: 23904291 2013 The Journal of infectious diseases

Result: M41L was commonly observed and highly persistent (rate of loss 8 (95% CI, 4-15) per 100 PYFU), and a similar low rate of loss was seen for other TAMs (D67N, L210W, and K219Q/N); however, K70R appeared to be lost more quickly.

Result: NNRTI mutations appeared to be lost more quickly than most TAMs (M41L, D67N, L210W, and K219Q/N) and the 215 revertants (P < .001 for both comparisons).

Table: D67N

HIV-1 drug-resistance surveillance among treatment-experienced and -naive patients after the implementation of antiretroviral therapy in Ghana.

PMID: 23977189 2013 PloS one

Table: D67N

Prevalence and mutation patterns of HIV drug resistance from 2010 to 2011 among ART-failure individuals in the Yunnan Province, China.

PMID: 24009694 2013 PloS one

Table: D67N

Increased risk of Q151M and K65R mutations in patients failing stavudine-containing first-line antiretroviral therapy in Cambodia.

PMID: 24015311 2013 PloS one

Result: The most frequently detected mutations were: M184I/V (92.3%), Y181C/I/V (47.1%), T215I/C/F/N/S (38.8%), D67E/G/N (37.3%), K103N/R/S (33.9%), and G190A/Q/S (32.5%).

Increasing trends in primary NNRTI resistance among newly HIV-1-diagnosed individuals in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

PMID: 24093951 2013 Journal of the International AIDS Society

Method: Sequences were analyzed to identify mutations associated with reduced susceptibility to protease and RT inhibitors, as reported by the International AIDS Society-USA in 2010: RT-M41L, A62V, K65R, D67N, 69 insert, K70R, L74V,V75I, F77L, L100I, K101P, K103N, V106A, V106M, V108I, Y115F<

Table: D67N

Effectiveness of first-line antiretroviral therapy and correlates of longitudinal changes in CD4 and viral load among HIV-infected children in Ghana.

PMID: 24119088 2013 BMC infectious diseases

Table: D67N

Incidence and risk factors for first line anti retroviral treatment failure among Ugandan children attending an urban HIV clinic.

PMID: 24215971 2013 AIDS research and therapy

Result: Other common NRTI RAMs were the K70R (n = 22; 20%), T215Y (n = 36; 24%), M41L (n = 23; 21%), D67N (n = 15; 14%), K219Q/E (n = 14; 13%) and the L210W making 9% of the TAMs.

Biochemical, inhibition and inhibitor resistance studies of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus reverse transcriptase.

PMID: 21908397 2012 Nucleic acids research

Discussion: HIV-1 RTs containing the M41L, D67N, K70R, T215Y/F, K219E/Q mutations show enhanced removal of AZT.

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