literature

HIV mutation literature information.

Virological efficacy and emergence of drug resistance in adults on antiretroviral treatment in rural Tanzania.

PMID: 19583845 2009 BMC infectious diseases

Table: D67N

Clinical and genotypic findings in HIV-infected patients with the K65R mutation failing first-line antiretroviral therapy in Nigeria.

PMID: 19644383 2009 Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)

Result: The most common NRTI mutations observed were M184V (301, 89.1%), K70R (91, 26.9%), D67N (75, 22.2%), T215Y (61, 18.0%), T215F (51, 15.1%), M41L (46, 13.6%), K219Q (45, 13.3%), S68G (43, 12.7%), and K65R (37, 10.9%).

Analysis of the diversity of the HIV-1 pol gene and drug resistance associated changes among drug-naive patients in Burkina Faso.

PMID: 19697403 2009 Journal of medical virology

Abstract: The mutations were distributed as follows: NRTI (10.6%): M41L (n = 2), D67N (n = 2), K70K/E (n = 2), L210W (n = 1), T215S/Y (n = 2), and K219K/Q (n = 2); NNRTI (6.1%): K103K/N (n = 2), Y181C (n = 2), G190G/A (n = 1), and P236P/L (n = 1).

Transmitted antiretroviral drug resistance among acute and recent HIV infections in North Carolina from 1998 to 2007.

PMID: 19704170 2009 Antiviral therapy

Result: The most common TAM was M41L, occurring in 5 cases; D67N and K219Q were each present in 3 samples.

Structural basis for the role of the K65R mutation in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase polymerization, excision antagonism, and tenofovir resistance.

PMID: 19812032 2009 The Journal of biological chemistry

Introduction: Mutations M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215F/Y, and K219Q/E/N, which are primary resistance mutations for AZT and stavudine, are called thymidine analog mutations (TAMs), AZTr, or excision-enhancing mutations.

Figure: Superposition of excision-enhancing mutation or TAM (M41L, D67N, K70R, T215Y, and K219Q) RT dsDNA AZTppppA structure4 on K65R RT dsDNA dATP structure at their dNTP-binding sites; AZTppppA is the product of AZT monophosphate by ATP-mediated excision.

Discuss

RT-SHIV subpopulation dynamics in infected macaques during anti-HIV therapy.

PMID: 19889213 2009 Retrovirology

Discussion: The 214F mutation is associated with nucleoside analogue mutation cluster 2 (D67N+K70R+K219Q+T215F) and negatively associated with nucleotide analogue mutation cluster 1 (M41L+L210W+T215Y).

Viremia, resuppression, and time to resistance in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) subtype C during first-line antiretroviral therapy in South Africa.

PMID: 19911963 2009 Clinical infectious diseases

Method: Thymidine associated mutations (TAMs) were M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215Y/F, K219Q/E and multi-NRTI mutations included TAMS, K65R, and L74V.

Table: D67N

HIV type 1 subtype diversity and drug resistance among HIV type 1-infected Kenyan patients initiating antiretroviral therapy.

PMID: 19954302 2009 AIDS research and human retroviruses

Abstract: Of these patients, three had nucleoside RTI resistance mutations, such as M184V, K65R, D67N, K70R, and K219Q.

Treatment outcomes and plasma level of ritonavir-boosted lopinavir monotherapy among HIV-infected patients who had NRTI and NNRTI failure.

PMID: 20030841 2009 AIDS research and therapy

Result: The frequencies of thymidine analogue associated mutations (TAMs) were 17 (43%) D67N, 16 (40%) T215FY, 8 (20%) M41L, 6 (15%) K60R, 6 (15%) L210W, 2 (5%) K219Q.

The K65R mutation in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase: genetic barriers, resistance profile and clinical implications.

PMID: 20190870 2009 HIV therapy

Introduction: This second-generation NRTI showed improved antiviral activity against infections harboring TAMs (D67N, K70R and T215Y) and NAMs (Q151M).

Introduction: Two distinct TAM (TAM-1 and -2) pathways lead to the stepwise accumulation of major (M41L, K70R and T215Y/F), minor/secondary (D67N and L210W) and compensatory (E44D, V118I and H208Y) mutations that confer a 5-500-fold reduced susceptibility to AZT and broad cross-resistance between NRTIs (Figure 1).

Introduction: When subtyp

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