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 HIV mutation literature information.


  In vitro resistance development for RO-0335, a novel diphenylether nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor.
 PMID: 20219553       2010       Antiviral research
Abstract: Two pathways to loss of susceptibility to RO-0335 were observed, containing patterns of amino acid changes at either V106I/A plus F227C (with additional contributions from A98G, V108I, E138K, M230L and P236L) or V106I/Y188L (with a potential contribution from L100I, E138K and Y181C).


  Prevalence of mutations and determinants of genotypic resistance to etravirine (TMC125) in a large Italian resistance database (ARCA).
 PMID: 20236364       2010       HIV medicine
Abstract: Frequent RAMs were Y181C, G190A, K101E and A98G, whereas V179F, Y181V and G190S appeared in <5% of sequences.


  Constrained patterns of covariation and clustering of HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance mutations.
 PMID: 20462946       2010       The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy
Abstract: Twenty-nine pairs of NNRTI-selected mutations covaried significantly, including Y181C with seven other mutations (A98G, K101E/H, V108I, G190A/S and H221Y), L100I with K103N, and K101P with K103S.
Method: The complete list of etravirine RAMs was defined as V90I, A98G, L100I, K101E/H/P, V106I, E138A, V179D/F/T,


  Compilation and prevalence of mutations associated with resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
 PMID: 19320243       2009       Antiviral therapy
Abstract: These included V90I, A98G, L100I, K1O1E/P/Q, K103H/N/S/T, V106A/I/M, V108I, E138G/K/Q, V179D/E/F/G/I, Y181C/I/V, Y188C/H/L, V189I, G190A/C/E/Q/S, H221Y, P225H, F227C/L, M230I/L, P236L, K238N/T and Y318F


  In utero HIV infection is associated with an increased risk of nevirapine resistance in ugandan infants who were exposed to perinatal single dose nevirapine.
 PMID: 19552593       2009       AIDS research and human retroviruses
Table: A98G


  Differences in resistance mutations among HIV-1 non-subtype B infections: a systematic review of evidence (1996-2008).
 PMID: 19566959       2009       Journal of the International AIDS Society
Abstract: The main differences are reflected in the discoveries that: (i) the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance mutation, V106M, has been seen in subtype C and CRF01_AE, but not in subtype B, (ii) the protease inhibitor mutations L89I/V have been reported in C, F and G subtypes, but not in B, (iii) a nelfinavir selected non-D30N containing pathway predominated in CRF01_AE and CRF02_AG, while the emergence of D30N is favoured in subtypes B and D, (iv) studies on thymidine analog-treated subtype C infections from South Africa, Botswana and Malawi have reported a higher frequency of the K65R resistance mutation than that typically seen with subtype B.Additionally, some substitutions that seem to impact non-B viruses differentially a


  The frequency of HIV-I drug resistance mutations among treatment-naive individuals at a tertiary care centre in south India.
 PMID: 19625581       2009       International journal of STD & AIDS
Abstract: One strain each had Y181C substitution, T74S and E35G substitutions in the Pr and one had A98G, K101R and L210FL substitutions in RT.


  Clinical and genotypic findings in HIV-infected patients with the K65R mutation failing first-line antiretroviral therapy in Nigeria.
 PMID: 19644383       2009       Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)
Result: The most common NNRTI mutations included: Y181C (168, 49.7%), K103N (123, 36.4%), G190A (89, 26.3%), A98G (66, 19.5%), K101E (59, 17.5%), V108I (52, 15.4%), and V90I (41, 12.1%).


  Minority variants associated with transmitted and acquired HIV-1 nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance: implications for the use of second-generation nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
 PMID: 19734799       2009       Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)
Method: Etravirine-resistance mutations were defined as mutations associated in the DUET studies with a decreased virological response to etravirine: V90I, A98G, L100I, K101E/H/P, V106I, E138A, V179D/F/T, Y181C/I/V, G190A/S, and M230L.
Method: The mutations V90I, A98G, V106I, E138A, and V179D/T were considered to be less important indicators of etravirine resistance because they are polymorphic (particularly  PMID: 18271957       2008       Retrovirology
Introduction: These mutations include the K20R, V35M, T39A, E40F, K43E/Q/N, A98G, K122E, G196E, E203K/D, H208Y, D218E, H221Y, K223E/Q and L228H/R changes.



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