Abstract: Furthermore, intranasal immunization with an antigen from influenza virus plus mTNF-K90R exhibited mucosal adjuvant activity for induction of both systemic and mucosal immune responses.
Abstract: Here, we examined the potential of mTNF-K90R as a mucosal adjuvant.
Abstract: Importantly, histopathological examination of the nasal tissue of mTNF-K90R treated mice detected no signs of toxicity.
Abstract: Initially, we showed that intranasal co-administration of mTNF-K90R with ovalbumin (OVA) potently produced OVA-specific Immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies (Abs) in serum and IgA Abs both at local and distal mucosal sites compared to co-administration with wild-type TNF-alpha.
Abstract: These findings suggest that mTNF-K90R is safe and effective mucosal adjuvant and this system may have potenti
A single-amino-acid substitution in a polymerase protein of an H5N1 influenza virus is associated with systemic infection and impaired T-cell activation in mice.
Abstract: A substitution of glutamic acid for lysine at position 627 of the PB2 protein of H5N1 viruses has been identified as a virulence determinant.
Oseltamivir-resistant novel influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in two immunosuppressed patients - Seattle, Washington, 2009.
PMID: 19696719
2009
MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report
Abstract: Testing of viral RNA from both patients by pyrosequencing detected a mutation that results in a histidine-to-tyrosine substitution at position 275 (H275Y) in the neuraminidase, known to be associated with oseltamivir resistance.
Identification of amino acid residues of influenza A virus H3 HA contributing to the recognition of molecular species of sialic acid.
Abstract: The results indicate that the amino acid substitutions Thr155 to Tyr and Glu158 to Gly in H3 HA facilitate virus binding to N-glycolylneuraminic acid.
Comparison of the activities of BM2 protein and its H19 and W23 mutants of influenza B virus with activities of M2 protein and its H37 and W41 mutants of influenza A virus.
Abstract: Mutation analysis showed that replacement of H19 in BM2 protein by A and L resulted in loss of activity, while M2, with the mutation H37A, remained active, but its severe toxicity was intolerable for cells.
Changes of the receptor-binding properties of influenza B virus B/Victoria/504/2000 during adaptation in chicken eggs.
Abstract: A low-growth virus variant, corresponding to the original egg-derived virus B/Victoria/504/2000 prior to acquisition of amino acid changes G141E, R162M, and D196Y, had a clear preference for the oligosaccharide chains terminated with alpha2-6-linked sialic acid with very weak binding of the glycans terminated with alpha2-3-linked sialic acid.
Abstract: Amino acid substitutions R162M and D196Y had similar effects, resulting in viruses that bound with high efficiency almost all terminally sialylated glycans represented on the array regardless of the type of glycosidic linkage.
Abstract: In all cases when the effects on virus binding of individual amino acid substitutions differed, the effect of R162M was subordinate to the effect of either PMID: 19802744
2009
Science in China. Series C, Life sciences
Abstract: During the process of serial passages, only the NS gene developed non-synonymous substitutions, which caused two mutations in NS1 protein (Val23Ala and Leu207Pro) and one in NS2 (Phe55Leu).
Influenza virus CTL epitopes, remarkably conserved and remarkably variable.
Abstract: It is of special interest that the R384G substitution in the NP(383-391) epitope was detrimental to virus fitness and was only tolerated in the presence of multiple functionally compensating co-mutations.
Amantadine- and oseltamivir-resistant variants of influenza A viruses in Thailand.
PMID: 19850010
2009
Biochemical and biophysical research communications
Abstract: All of the amantadine-resistant H3N2 viruses were clustered in one of these three genes and possessed double mutations of S193F and D225N in the HA gene.
Abstract: Our results demonstrated that seven out of 32 (22%) of the H1N1 viruses isolated in 2006 in Thailand carried the amino acid S31N substitution, which confers amantadine-resistance, although no isolates in 2007 or 2008 possessed the mutation.
[The 24 May, 2009 isolation of the first A/IIV-Moscow/01/2009 (H1N1)swl strain similar to swine A(H1N1) influenza virus from the first Moscow case detected on May 21, 2009, and its deposit in the state collection of viruses (SCV No. 2452 dated May 24, 2009)].
Abstract: The significant gene substitution of neuraminidase Asp for Gly in position 451, which has been undetectable in any other strain published in the Gen Bank by the present time is unique only to A/IIV-Moscow/01/2009 (H1N1)swl.
IV mutation literature information.
PMID: 
2009
Biomaterials
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